Ordinarily, police departments cannot access personal bank account information, which is protected by key privacy rights in the United States (laws for accessing banking information may work differently in the UK, for instance).
Can the police track your credit card purchases?
In the US if the police have probable cause and can obtain a warrant then they will be able to obtain the details from financial institutions to track the purchases on a particular credit card.
What should I do if I lost my debit card?
Report the loss to your bank or credit union as soon as you realize your debit card is missing. If you act quickly, you're legally protected from major losses from any unauthorized charges.