Grass Seed Germination Time - Mike's Backyard NurseryRye grass germination test - Days 1 to 11
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It is considered a useful grass for turf purposes.The annual ryegrass isLolium multiflorum.Two species of ryegrass have the same genomes.Under different temperature regimes, little information exists about their response to salt-alkali stress.The seeds were germinated at four different temperatures with different levels of salt and alkalinity.The results showed that optimal germination occurred at higher temperatures.Germination percentage and germination rate were both affected by the increase in salinity or alkalinity.The effects of high salinity on germination were greater for both species.Even though the concentration was very low, seeds were subjected to more stress at 25–35C.Both high and low temperatures lead to a decrease in seed germination under alkali stress.The recovery percentages for both species were lower under both stresses for ryegrass.Under such stress conditions, annual ryegrass had a higher recovery percentage than perennial.The results show that the salt-alkaline tolerance of ryegrass seeds is greatly affected by the interactions of temperature and alkalinity.
According to Lin J. et al., soil salinization and alkalization have been considered to be major environmental threats to the entire ecosystems, which not only inhibit plant growth but also lead to a further soil degradation.Approximately 7 million hectares of land in China are affected by salinity.In the arid and semi-arid areas of northeastern China, alkalinized land has grown to 70% of the total area.
One of the most important stages in the plant life cycle is seed germination.In natural habitats, seed germination and the following seedling establishment phases are affected by many environmental factors.The main limiting factors for most plant species in the Northeast of China are temperature and soil salinity.
Under non-salinity conditions, seed germination percentage was always very high, but decreased with the increasing salt concentration in the soil.Salt created a low osmotic potential and caused ion toxicity.Or a combination of the two effects.The germination process can be delayed by soil salinity.If the salt concentration in the soil is beyond the tolerance of the plant species, the germination behavior would be completely suppressed.
In the Northeast of China, alkalinity is an important factor for seed germination.Salt stress has the same stress factors as alkaline stress, but also adds high pH impacts, leading to more serious inhibition, which is greatly differed from salt stress.To the best of our knowledge, the majority of the reports only emphasized the effects of salt stress, with little attention to the alkaline stress.et al.
The temperature fluctuations can affect the seed sensitivity to the stress conditions.Most plants will not grow if the temperature is too warm.Understanding the temperature effects on seed germination may be useful to evaluate the characteristics of the plant.The seed germinability can be changed by non-optimal temperature.There are significant eco-physiological implications in terms of seed germination under field conditions.
The detrimental effect of salinity was less severe at the optimum temperature according to earlier studies.The toxic effect of salt stress on the seed was found to be much worse under high temperatures for some plant species.The detrimental effect of salinity on plants such as Urochondra setulosa and Sporobolus ioclados was severe at both higher and lower temperatures.Little is known about the effects of temperature and alkalinity on seed growth.
In the arid and semi-arid regions of northeastern China, the salt-alkali concentration in the soil changes due to the irregular rains.After the high precipitation, most seeds have the ability to recover from the salinity shock and start growing again.This may be an adaptive strategy of seed growth.Under high salinity stress, the seeds must remain viable.Germination recovery test is used to assess the ability of seeds to grow again when they are transferred to fresh water.
The annual ryegrass isLolium multiflorum.Both perennial and perennial ryegrass have similar genomes and can fully interfertile.They are found in North Africa, Europe and Asia.Annual ryegrass is usually grown with other grass species to improve the pasture quality for feeding.Although perennial ryegrass is valued for the high yield and nutritive potentials, it is mainly used for turf purposes, such as golf course, fairways, athletic fields, and home lawns, in North America and European areas.Both species have the potential to improve degraded soil.The species has been reported to respond to temperatures and stress with either annual or perennial ryegrass.There is no information about the effects of temperature and salt-alkali stress on the germination of annual and perennial ryegrass seeds.Perennial and annual ryegrass are similar in many respects, but they have different requirements for growth in different environments.
We want to know if the seeds of annual and perennial ryegrass show a difference in their germination behavior to temperatures under non-salinity/alkaline conditions.
Perennial and annual ryegrass seeds were collected from the Grassland Ecosystem Field Station in Heilongjiang province, China.The seeds were dry-stored in cloth bags at room temperature for further use.
Four alternating temperatures of 10–20, 15–25, 20–30, and 25–35C were used to assess the effects of temperature and salt-alkali stress on seed germination.
The salt and the alkali stress groups were treated with neutral and alkaline salt.Four salt concentrations: 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM were used in the test.Salt stress groups were labeled with S1–S4.In the salt stress groups, the pH ranged from 6.25 to 6.50, while in the alkali stress group it was from 11.50 to 11.70.The Na+ concentrations were consistent even though the pH values varied greatly.
After surface sterilizing the seeds, they were washed with distilled water and used in the experiments.The seeds were placed in the petri dishes with 10 mL of the test solution.Three replicates of 50 seeds were used for each treatment.The water level was adjusted daily to prevent changes in salt-alkali concentration.With the emergence of radicle, seeds were considered to have been sprouted.Every day for 8 days, the percentage was recorded.Every day for 8 days, distilled water was used to assess the recovery of germination from non-germinated seeds.
The Germination rate was estimated by using a modified Timson index of the germination velocity, G/t, where G is the percentage of seed that has begun to grow.The maximum value that could be achieved using this index was 100.The lower values showed a slower rate of growth.
The number of non-germinated seeds that were transferred to the distilled water was used to calculate the seed recovery percentage.
Germination data was transformed before the analysis of variance.The data was analyzed using a statistical method.A three-way ANOVA was used to test the effects of ryegrass species.Tukey's test was used to assess the differences of the germination percentage and rate among temperatures in each salinity–alkalinity treatment of each ryegrass species.Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the temperature of the two ryegrass species.
Three-way ANOVA results showed that the percentage of seeds that were sown was affected by a number of factors.The highest percentage of both species was obtained in non-stress water.The percentage of seed germination decreased as the temperature increased.When salt concentration is less than 200 mM, the optimal temperatures for seed germination are 20–30 and 25–35C.The highest percentage of germination was found at the temperature of 20–30C when the salinity reached 400 mM.The percentage of germination was only 4% in 400 mM of salinity, but the effect was greater at 10–20C.The final percentage was higher when the salinity was less than 400 mM.For perennial ryegrass, the optimum temperatures were 25–35C.When the salinity was less than 200 mM, the percentage of germination decreased sharply.At these two temperatures, the percentage of germination was only 1.8% and 2.3%.The percentage of germination in perennial and annual ryegrass was different.
TABLE 1.Three-way ANOVA for the effects of ryegrass species, temperature, and salinity.
FIGURE 1.The final germination percentage is the percentage of seeds that will be sown in a year.Salt stress is NaCl.Mean SE is represented by bars.Different letters indicate different treatments.
Germination rate was affected by a number of factors.Both species had the same trends when it came to percentage and germination rate.The lowest temperature (10–20C) had the lowest germination rate in both distilled water and salinity stress treatments.The relationship between germination rate and salinity was determined using a linear regression analysis.There was a negative relationship between the germination rate and the R2 under different temperatures.
Three-way ANOVA results show that seed germination percentage and rate are affected by a number of factors.The seed germination percentage of the two species both decreased with increasing alkalinity at all temperatures, and the changes were much greater than those under salt stress.There was no significant difference in seed germination percentage when the alkalinity was below 50 mM.When the alkalinity was above 25 mM, the optimal temperature was 20–30C.When the alkali concentration reached 50 mM, the percentage of germination dropped to 6%, but it was still 62.6%.When the alkali concentration was 100 mM and the temperature was 25–35C, no seed sprouted.Under alkali stress, the ideal temperature for perennial ryegrass was 20–30C.The value was much lower under 25–35C when the alkalinity reached 50 mM.
TABLE 2.Three-way ANOVA for the effects of ryegrass species, temperature, and alkalinity.
FIGURE 2.The final germination percentage is the percentage of seeds that will be sown in a year.Na2CO3 is the stress of alkali.Mean SE is represented by bars.Different letters indicate different treatments.
FIGURE 3.There is a regression analysis between the germination rate and the salinity of the seeds.At P 0.05 level, all factors are significant.
The trend was the same for both species.The changes of germination rate under alkali stress were different from those under salt stress.The germination rate at 25–35C was higher when the alkali concentration was less than 25 mM.There was a negative relationship between the two at different temperatures.
FIGURE 4.There is a regression analysis between the germination rate and the alkalinity of the seeds.At P 0.05 level, all factors are significant.
Three-way ANOVA results showed that the percentage of seed recovery was affected by a number of factors.
The recovery percentage was increased with increasing the salinity.The recovery percentages were 50 and 67.8% when the concentrations were 200 and 400 mM.After being transferred to the distilled water, no seed could grow again because of the low seed recovery percentage at 25–35C.The recovery percentage decreased with increasing alkalinity and the highest value was found when the seeds sprouted.No seed could recover when the alkalinity reached 200 mM.The recovery percentages were all zero under each alkalinity at 25–35C.
TABLE 3.Germination recovery percentage is the percentage of seeds that can be regenerated after being transferred to distilled water.
Similar results of recovery percentages at different temperatures were also found in perennial ryegrass.Under alkalinity stress, the germination recovery percentages were much lower.Few seeds sprouted again when the alkalinity was only 50 mM.No seed could grow again at any temperature if the alkalinity was over 50 mM.
In the Northeast of China, where the rain is irregular and the potential evapotranspiration is high, the colonization capacity of plant species can be determined by the seed germination responses to the environmental changes.The temperature can affect the water absorption speed and the rate of cell division within the seed.
The results of the study showed that annual and perennial ryegrass both had high germination percentage in distilled water, and had no significant differences among the four temperatures.In addition, we found that 20–30C was the optimal temperature for seed germination of annual and perennial ryegrass, as well as indicating that a relatively higher temperature is beneficial to seed germinating this grass species.Similar results were found in the research of Kochia scoparia.The plants prefer higher temperatures.
Under salt-alkaline condition, successful germination is important for successful establishment of plants.It is generally accepted that osmotic and ionic effects are the main factors that affect seed germination under salt stress.In addition, temperature and salinity have been reported to interact in affecting seed germination of most plant species, and it also has significant ecological implications in terms of the time of germination under field conditions.The results show that the optimal temperature is 20–30C and can alleviate the effect of salt stress on seed germination.The detrimental effect of salt stress was mitigated by higher temperature regimes.The low temperature made the negative impact under high salinity more pronounced.The osmotic stress and decreased water absorption ability of the seed was intensified by the low temperature.With increasing temperatures under most salinity concentrations, the seed germination rate was increased.It is possible for rapid seedling establishment to be enhanced by fast germinating at 20–30 and 25–35C.
The four temperature regimes had a significant effect on seed germination and rate.When the Na+ concentration was less than 50 mM, there was no significant change in the germination percentage of the two ryegrass.The action of alkaline stress was greater than that of saline stress at the same Na+ concentration.The phenomenon indicates that the effect of Na+ and high pH is more harmful to ryegrass seeds than it is to other plants, which is consistent with previous reports.et al.The comparative effects of salt stress and alkali stress on the seedlings of some plant species were investigated in previous studies.The high pH, low concentration alkali stress and detrimental effect were all found to be more pronounced than salt stress.The results show that seed germination and seedling stages have different responses to the salt and alkali stresses.Further research is needed on the specific molecule mechanisms.
In contrast to temperature-salinity interactions, when the alkalinity concentration reached 50 mM, the germination percentages of the two ryegrass dramatically decreased at 25–35C.The result was due to the irreversible damage caused by the toxicity of Na+ at higher temperatures.The seeds have an adaptive strategy to resist the high temperature-alkalinity stresses.When environments favor the survival of the seedlings, high temperatures can prevent them from germinating.The lowest temperature (10–20C) leads to a decrease in the seed germinating percentage at 50 mM alkalinity stress, which is indicative of the lower rate and germination in perennial ryegrass.Perennial and annual ryegrasses are related, but annual must complete its life cycle under adverse conditions in a year.Annual ryegrass is more tolerant to temperature and soil conditions than perennial, and occupies its own ecological niche in limited time.
The ability of plant seeds to survive in salty environments provides them with opportunities for the establishment of new plants.The recovery percentage of ryegrass seeds was affected by a number of factors.In our study, we found that the recovery percentages were highest at the highest concentrations of stress (25 and 50 mM).The highest germination percentage in salt stress shows that short duration salt does not affect seed viability and can be alleviated.The high pH of alkaline solutions may be to blame for the difference in recovery behavior between salinity and alkalinity stress.This viewpoint is confirmed by the lower recovery percentage at higher alkalinity.There are different inhibition mechanisms that may exist between the two stresses of this species.
The results of the present study show that the recovery percentages of ryegrass are much higher at 10–20C.The test results show that higher temperatures (20–30 and 25–35C) are more favorable for seed germination.Tlig et al. found similar results in Diplotaxis seeds.The year 2008.A constant temperature of 15C is the optimal temperature for seed germination of this species.The phenomenon is not in line with the observations reported in the seeds recovery of K. scoparia.The optimum temperature for seed recovery is also suitable for these species.The reason for the difference is likely due to the fact that the seeds were subjected to more irreversible damage, which decreases their ability to grow, and the reason is worthy of further study and exploitation.When salt-alkaline condition is relieved, the lower temperature (10–20C) is beneficial to germination recovery.
A new insight to cognize abiotic stress tolerance in two closely related species was provided by this paper, which first reported the responses of annual and perennial ryegrass seeds to the interactive effects of temperature and salt-alkali stress.Salt stress and alkali stress are two different stress types, and the salt-alkali tolerance of ryegrass seeds is greatly affected by the interactions of temperature and salinity.
The manuscript was written by JL.The experiments were done by XH.The figures were made by XP.The manuscript was revised.I was given some good advice on how to revise the paper by BD.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities funded the research.
The research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a conflict of interest.
The technical assistance provided by Dr. Christina from North Carolina State University was acknowledged by the authors.
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Perennial ryegrass, temperature, salinity–alkalinity, and germination recovery are some of the topics covered.
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