Systematic misinformation about Thujone in pre-ban absinthe.
There are two forms of thujone, one of which is a monoterpene.[3][4]
Due to the small quantities present, it is unlikely that it will be responsible for the effects of absinthe.Opposite to the effects of alcohol, Thujone acts on GABA.It may convey stimulating, mood-elevating effects at low doses if thujone alone is considered to be convulsant.It is a component of several essential oils.
There are two other forms of the naturally occurring ()--thujone.They were found in nature in 2016
A number of plants, including arborvitae, Nootka cypress, some junipers, mugwort, oregano, common sage, tansy, and wormwood, are related to the name Thujone.It is found in many species of Mentha.
The formation of geranyl diphosphate is similar to the synthesis of other monoterpenes.The isoprene units used to form thujone in plants are derived from the MEP.[8]
The thujane skeleton is created by the reactions that occur in sabinene from GPP.The first isomerizes to linalyl diphosphate.The delocalized allylic cation-diphosphate is preferentially formed by LPP.The -terpinyl tertiary cation can be found in the ion-pair intermediate.[7]
The formation of the terpinen-4-yl cation is caused by a 1,2 hydride shift.This cation undergoes a second cyclization in order to form the thujone intermediate.
The first step in the biosynthetic route to generate thujone is the oxidation of sabinene to an isomer of sabinol.The conversion to -thujone is made by a reductase.In the western redcedar, thujone is derived from the +)-trans-sabinol intermediate.10
For a long time, thujone was thought to act similar to THC on the cannabinoid receptors, however, this has since been proven false.A GABAA receptor competitive antagonist is called Thujone.Neural cells may fire more easily, which can cause convulsions and muscle spasms.This interaction is specific to alpha-thujone.The 5-HT3 antagonist is called Thujone.[16][17]
The more active of the two isomers in mice, alpha-thujone, has a median lethal dose of 45%, with a mortality rate of 30% and 100%.The convulsions that lead to death are caused by exposure to the higher dose.The mice experience muscle spasms in the legs, which lead to convulsions until death or recovery.The effects are in line with the others.In mice, alpha-thujone is quickly absorbed into the body.Pretreatment with a positive allosteric modulator protects against a lethal dose.There is a citation needed.
The attention performance was tested with high and low amounts of alcohol.The negative effect on attention performance was caused by the high dose.There was no noticeable effect from the lower dose.[18]
It is reported by whom?It could cause convulsions if used in too high a dose.The tree arborvitae is used in herbal medicine for its immune-system stimulating effects.The central nervous system effects of thujone are confirmed by the side effects from the essential oil of this plant.[5][19]
The compound in the spirit absinthe is known as Thujone.Modern tests have shown that the estimate of up to 350mg/l thujone is far too high.A 2008 study of 13 pre-ban bottles using GC-MS found that the bottles had between 0.5 and 48.3% of alcohol in them, and an 2005 study recreated three 1899 high-wormwood bottles.GC-MS testing is important in this capacity because gas chromatography alone may record an inaccurately high reading of thujone as other compounds may interfere with and add to the apparent measured amount.[ 24]
The compound was discovered in the 19th century.Pure wormwood oil, which was tested on animals and found to cause seizures, was discovered to be different from the effects of alcohol.It was assumed that the small amount of wormwood oil in absinthe was more dangerous than ordinary alcohol.Thujone was the cause of these reactions.The abusers of alcohol who were studied hadSeizures and Hallucinations.The epileptic activity is caused by the interaction of the two substances.In light of modern evidence, these conclusions are questionable as they are based on a poor understanding of other compounds and diseases.[28]
When the British scientific journal Nature published an article comparing the shape of thujone to the primary psychoactive substance found in cannabis, research stopped after absinthe was banned.[11][28]
Following European Council Directive No. more recently.The studies described above were conducted and found minute levels of thujone in absinthe.
Pure thujone is not allowed in the United States.Foods or beverages that contain Artemisia species, white cedar, oak moss, tansy, or yarrow, must be thujone-free.There are other herbs that have no restrictions.The Food and Drug Administration has a list of GRAS substances that are generally recognized as safe.[35]
In order for absinthe to be legally imported into the United States, it must be thujone-free by the same standard as other beverages containing Artemisia.