There are important dates in the history of nursing. What are some of the important events in nursing's history?
The Latin word "nutrire" means to suckle, and it was in the late 16th century that it became the modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.[2]
Most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated to service on religious principles.Christendom and the Muslim World had a lot of dedicated nurses.Catholic nuns and the military provided nursing-like services in Europe before the foundation of modern nursing.It took until the 19th century for nursing to become secular.
The early history of nurses suffers from a lack of source material, but nursing in general has long been an extension of the wet-nurse function of women.[3][4]
The Buddhist Indian ruler ruled from 260 B.C.E.to 232 B.C.E."Wherever there is no provision of drugs, medical roots, and instruments, hospitals should be built along the routes of travelers."The fall of Buddhism in India halted the system of public hospitals.750CE.
About 100 B.C.E.In India, the Charaka Samhita states that good medical practice requires a patient, physician, nurse, and medicines, with the nurse required to be knowledgeable and sympathetic towards everyone.
The first Christian nurse is mentioned in Romans.The early years of the Christian Church.50 C.E.The first visiting nurse was sent to Rome by St. Paul.[5]
Christianity encouraged its devotees to tend to the sick from its earliest days.Priests were also doctors.According to the historian, the early Christians were willing to nurse the sick and take food to them, notably during the smallpox epidemic of AD 165-180 and the measles outbreak of around AD 250.[6]
Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.Those built ca. were among the earliest.By St.Basil the Great was the bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Turkey.The Basiliad is named after the physician-priest Saint Sampson, who was in Constantinople.Housing for doctors and nurses was included in Basil's hospital, which was similar to a city.There was a separate section for lepers.Construction of a hospital in every cathedral town began.
After the end of persecution of the early church, Christian emphasis on practical charity led to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals.St. Benedict of Nursia emphasized medicine as an aid to the provision of hospitality.The Dominicans and the Carmelites are Roman Catholic orders that work for the care of the sick.[2]
Hospitals had libraries and training programs.The invention of in-patient medical care was driven by Christian mercy and Byzantine innovation.The Chief Physician, professional nurses and orderlies were part of the Byzantine hospital staff.The hospitals in Constantinople had both male and female doctors.There were specialized wards for various diseases in the facilities.It was [13].
Rufaida Al-Aslamia became the first Muslim nurse in the 7th century.She was a descendant of Muhammad and learned her medical skills from her father.After leading a group of women to treat injured fighters on the battlefield, Muhammad gave her permission to set up a tent near the Medina mosque to provide treatment and care for the ill and the needy.There are no comments at this time.
The pattern of medieval hospitals was similar to that of the Byzantine.The care was provided by monks and nuns.An old French term for a hospital is htel-Dieu.Some were attached to monasteries and others were independent and had their own endowments.Some hospitals were multi-functional while others were founded for specific purposes such as leper hospitals, or as refuges for the poor.The first Spanish hospital, founded by the Catholic bishop Masona in 580AD at Mérida, was an inn for travelers and a hospital for citizens and local farmers.The farms were part of the hospital's endowment.The hospital was supplied with physicians and nurses, whose mission was to care for the sick wherever they were found, "slave or free, Christian or Jew," according to the account given by Paul the Deacon.[15]
During the late 700s and early 800s, Emperor Charlemagne ordered that hospitals which had been well conducted before his time should be restored in line with the needs of the time.Each cathedral and monastery should have a hospital attached to it.[16]
The monasteries were a major factor in hospital work during the tenth century.The example which was widely imitated throughout France and Germany was set by the famous Benedictine Abbey of Cluny.Each monastery had a hospital where externs were cared for.Their duties were carefully prescribed by the rule and included every kind of service that the visitor or patient could require.
Each monastery became a center for the relief of suffering as they were obliged to seek out the sick and needy in the neighborhood.The Benedictines at Corbie in Picardy, Braunweiler, Deutz, Ilsenburg, Liesborn, Pram, and Fulda were among the notable monasteries in this respect.
The work done by the clergy was done in accordance with the council of Aachen which prescribed that a hospital should be maintained in connection with each church.The canons were required to contribute towards the hospital's support, and one of their number had charge of the inmates.As the hospitals were located in cities, more demands were made on them than on the monasteries.The hospitals were founded by Heribert in Cologne and Godard in Hildesheim.The hospitals of the other churches were attached to Trier.155 hospitals were founded in Germany during the 1207–1577 period.[17]
Ca' Granda is the name of the Ospedale Maggiore.The largest community hospital of the fifteenth century was built in Milan, northern Italy.It is one of the first examples of Renaissance architecture in Lombardy.
The Normans brought their hospital system with them when they conquered England.The new charitable houses were distinct from both English monasteries and French hospitals by merging with traditional land-tenure and customs.They were generously endowed by the nobility and gentry who counted on them for spiritual rewards after death.[18]
Many of the services of a welfare state were provided by the Catholic Church in Europe.During famine, it distributed food to the poor.The church funded the welfare system through collecting taxes on a large scale.[19]
In medieval and early modern Europe, Catholic women played a large role in health and healing.Wealthy families provided dowries for their daughters, and these funded the convents, while the nuns provided free nursing care for the poor.[21]
In Catholic lands such as France, rich families continued to fund convents and nuns and enroll their daughters in monasteries that provided free health services to the poor.There wasn't much need for science in nursing because it was a religious role.[22]
After the rise of Islam from the 7th century, Arabic medicine developed in this region, where a number of important advances were made and an Islamic tradition of nursing began.Arab ideas were influential in Europe.The Amalfitan hospital in Jerusalem was built to provide care for poor, sick or injured Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.The order became a military and infirmarian order after Crusaders captured the city.[23]
During the devastating plagues, Roman Catholic orders such as the Franciscans stressed tending to the sick.[ 24]
The theology of salvation held by the Catholic elites allowed them to provide hospital services.The same theology continues into the 21st century.The tradition of nursing sisters continued in Catholic areas.Several orders of nuns provided nursing services.The Daughters of Charity of SaintVincent de Paul was founded in France in 1633.The range of activities was expanded by the new orders of Catholic nuns.In rural Brittany in France, there was a central role played by the Daughters of the Holy Spirit.A new opportunity for nuns was created by nobles on their own estates.The nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons' estates, acting not only as nurses, but taking on expanded roles as physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries.These traditions were continued by the French Catholics in New France and New Orleans.There was no organized nursing care during the French Revolution because most of the orders of nurses were shut down.The demand for their nursing services remained strong, and after 1800 the sisters came back to work in hospitals and rural estates.They were accepted by officials because they were the link between elite physicians and peasants who needed help.[28]
The idea that rich men could gain God's grace through good works was rejected by the Protestant reformers.The Catholic idea that the poor patients earned grace and salvation through their suffering was rejected by them.Most of the hospitals and convents were closed by Protestants and women were sent home against their will.Local officials recognized the public value of hospitals and some were continued in Protestant lands, but without monks or nuns.[32]
Under non religious control of city officials, the crown allowed two hospitals in London to continue their charitable work.The convents were all shut down but Harkness found that women were part of a new system that delivered essential medical services to people outside their family.They provided nursing care as well as some medical, pharmaceutical, and surgical services and were employed by parishes and hospitals.[34]
The monasteries and convents were shut down by Protestant reformers in the 16th century.The nuns who had been serving as nurses were given pensions or told to stay at home.Between 1600 and 1800, Protestant Europe had a few notable hospitals, but no regular system of nursing.Female practitioners were restricted to assisting neighbors and family in an unrecognized capacity because of the weakened public role of women.[35]
The nurse mentioned in the New Testament was a deaconess.The role was revived in Germany in 1836 when Theodor Fliedner and his wife Friederike opened the first deaconess motherhouse.The Kaiserswerth model of the diaconate was brought to England.5 years of service, receiving room, board, uniforms, pocket money, and lifelong care are what the women obligated themselves for.The married woman wore a uniform.The emphasis was on preparing women for marriage through training in nursing, child care, social work and housework.The diaconate was an auxiliary to the pastorate in the church.By 1890, there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Protestant Europe.In World War II, diaconates were damaged.Most of the diaconates in eastern Europe were shut down as communism took hold.In 1957, there were 46,000 deaconesses and 10,000 associates in Germany.Most of the deaconesses reported by other countries were Lutherans.In the United States and Canada, half of the women were in the Methodist Church.36
After visiting Kaiserswerth, William Passavant brought the first four deaconesses to Pittsburgh.The Passavant Hospital is where they worked.There were 62 training schools in the United States between 1880 and 1915.Passavant's programs were weakened by the lack of training.Women preferred graduate nursing schools or the social work curriculum offered by state universities after 1910.[38]
Florence Nightingale, an English nurse, laid the foundations of professional nursing with the principles outlined in the book Notes on Nursing.Nightingale became known as "The Lady with the Lamp" when she arrived in Crimea.She ministered to the wounded all day and night.She trained a group of nurses who tended to injured soldiers.There was a lack of hygiene and appalling conditions when she arrived at the British hospital base in Constantinople.The hospital was filthy.There was a shortage of supplies, food, and even water.Nightingale implemented hygiene procedures such as hand washing in order to prevent the spread of infections.Nightingale's advocacy for proper supplies and sanitary procedures led to a reduction in the death rate at the hospital.In 1856, Nightingale decided to use the money from the pooled funds to start a training program for her nurses.The first group of nurses used to be called Nightingales after graduating from the school.Mary Seacole, Nightingale's contemporary, was a Jamaican "doctress" who also nursed soldiers who were wounded during the Crimean War, and in the tradition of Jamaican doctresses, practised the hygiene that was later adopted by Nightingale in her writings.41, 42, and 43 were the days.
Nightingale's revelation of the poor nursing care given to soldiers in the war motivated reformers.The Royal Victoria Hospital was ordered to be built in 1860 by Queen Victoria.The hospital in Netley opened in 1863 and cared for military patients.In the 19th century, nurses were appointed to Military General Hospitals.The work of the nurses was overseen by the Army Nursing Service.Military nurses were sent overseas beginning with the First Boer War.They were sent to serve during the Egyptian Campaign and the Sudan War.The Army Nursing Service nursed in hospital ships on the Nile during the Sudan War.The Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902 involved almost 2000 nurses who were part of the colonial armies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand.They worked in field hospitals.The army nursing sisters from Britain died from disease.[45]
New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses.Ellen was the first registered nurse in New Zealand.[46]
Canadian nursing dates back to 1639 in Quebec.The nuns were trying to open up a mission that could care for the spiritual and physical needs of patients.The first nursing apprenticeship training in North America was created by this mission.[47]
The Catholic orders of nursing tried to spread their message across Canada in the 19th century.The women had an occasional consultation with a doctor.The hospital care and medical services were improved at the end of the 19th century.The Nightingale model prevailed in English Canada.The first formal nursing training program began in 1874 at the General and Marine Hospital.Many programs popped up in hospitals across Canada after this one was established.The graduates and teachers from these programs fought for professional organizations for nurses.
The Northwest Rebellion in 1885 was the first instance of Canadian nurses and the military.Some nurses helped the wounded.Canadian nurses joined the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1901.The first nurses officially recognized as military nurses were Georgina Fane Pope and Margaret C. MacDonald.[47]
Canadian missionary nurses were a part of the North China Mission in China in the late 19th century.
Women made inroads into various professions in the late 19th and early 20th century.The establishment of a Women's Medical College in Toronto in 1884 was attributed to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada.Augusta was the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school.48
Women were outsiders to the medical profession.Laws were passed to control the practice of medicine and pharmacy when physicians became better organized.By 1900, the practice of Midwifery was almost dead.The majority of births took place at home until the 1920s, when hospitals became preferred by women who were better educated and more trusting in modern medicine.50
The first homesteaders relied on themselves for medical services.Women are able to learn and practice medical care with the herbs, roots, and berries that worked for their mothers because of poverty and geographic isolation.Supernatural magic provided as much psychological and physical relief as they prayed for.Trained nurses and doctors and how-to manuals slowly reached homesteaders in the early 20th century, as the reliance on homeopathic remedies continued.[51]
The Lethbridge Nursing Mission was a Canadian voluntary mission.The Victorian Order of Nurses founded it in 1909.Robinson began district nursing services for poor women and children after being elected president of the Lethbridge Relief Society.The mission was governed by a volunteer board of women directors who raised money for the first year of service through charitable donations and payments from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.Social work and nursing became the dispensers of unemployment relief.[52]
Richardson looked at the social, political, economic, class, and professional factors that contributed to ideological and practical differences between the leaders of the AAGN and the UFWA.The leaders of the UFWA accused the AAGN of ignoring the medical needs of rural women in the province.The establishment of a provincial Department of Public Health, government-supplied hospitals and doctors, and a law to permit nurses to qualify as registered midwives were all pushed for by the first president of the UFWA.The AAGN leadership argued that nurses were not qualified to participate in home births because there was no room for study.The Public Health Nurses Act that allowed nurses to serve as midwives in regions without doctors was passed in 1919 after the AAGN compromised with the UFWA.The creation of the District Nursing Service in 1919 was the result of organized, persistent political activism of UFWA members and only minimally from the actions of professional nursing groups.[52]
In the first half of the 20th century, theAlberta District Nursing Service provided health care in the predominantly rural and impoverished areas.The Nursing Service was founded in 1919 to meet maternal and emergency medical needs of the United Farm Women.Maternal care, minor surgery, medical inspections, and sponsored immunization programs were provided by nurses.The post-Second World War discovery of large oil and gas reserves resulted in economic prosperity and the expansion of local medical services.The District Nursing Service was phased out in 1976 due to the passage of provincial health and universal hospital insurance.[54]
The health care system was nationalized after World War II.There are 260,000 nurses in Canada and they face the same challenges as everyone else because of technology and the aging population.
Camp followers known as soldaderas nursed wounded soldiers during most of Mexico's wars.The Mexican Revolution care of soldiers in northern Mexico was done by the Neutral White Cross, founded by Elena Arizmendi Mejia after the Mexican Red Cross refused to treat revolutionary soldiers.The soldiers of the neutral white cross were treated with respect.
France had professionalization of nursing in the late 19th and early 20th century.In 1870 France had 1,500 hospitals that were run by 11,000 Catholic sisters.Secularizing public institutions and diminishing the role of the Catholic Churches was the government's policy after 1900.In the 19th century, the lay staff was enlarged from 14,000 to 95,000.The need to maintain better quality of medical care in antiquated facilities came in conflict with this political goal.Doctors who were personally anti-clerical realized their dependence on the Catholic sisters.Poorly trained lay nurses came from peasant or working class families.Faced with long hours and low pay, many married and left the field, while the Catholic sisters saw nursing as their God-given vocation.Non religious nurses were turned out by new government-operated nursing schools.Many untrained middle-class women were brought into the military hospitals during the World War.The long-term effect was to heighten the prestige of nursing after they left.The national diploma for nursing was issued in 1922.[57]
In the late 19th century, large hospitals set up nursing schools that attracted ambitious women from middle- and working-class families.Linda Richards was America's first professionally trained nurse after graduating from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
The Nightingale-era schools came to an end in the early 1900s.Hospital training programs dominated despite the establishment of university-affiliated nursing schools.The apprenticeship discouraged formal book learning.Hospitals used student nurses as cheap labor in order to meet a growing demand.[58]
Mary Seacole is from a long line of Jamaican nurses who worked at the Jamaican military base of Port Royal.Good hygiene and herbal remedies were used to nurse clients back to health.Seacole's mother was most likely a child of a slave and had knowledge of herbal remedies from West African ancestors.Sarah Adams and Grace Donne were mistresses of Jamaica's wealthiest planter, Simon Taylor.Cubah Cornwallis nursed back to health famous sailors such as the young Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson and Sailor Bill, who later became William IV of the United Kingdom.60
The number of hospitals grew from 149 in 1873 to 4,400 in 1910 with 420,000 beds, mainly because the public trusted hospitals more and could afford more intensive and professional care.[62]
The agencies that operated them were city, state and federal, as well as churches, stand-alone non-profits, and for-profit enterprises run by a local doctor.The Catholic Church ran 541 hospitals in 1915, staffed by nuns.The others had a small group of deaconesses.Most larger hospitals had a school of nursing, which provided training to young women, who in turn did much of the staffing on an uncompensated basis.The number of active graduate nurses increased from 51,000 in 1910 to 375,000 in 1940 and 700,000 in 1970.[64]
The Protestant churches reentered the health field by setting up orders of women called deaconesses who dedicated themselves to nursing services.
The first deaconess motherhouse was opened in Kaiserswerth on the Rhine in 1836 by Theodor Fliedner and his wife.Within a half century, it became a model and there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe.The Chursh of England named its first woman.Some of the women trained by the North London Deaconess Institute served overseas.[65]
The first four deaconesses were brought to Pittsburgh by William Passavant after visiting Kaiserswerth.The Passavant Hospital is where they worked.66
Medical services were a priority for the American Methodists as early as the 1850s.After 1860, Methodists in America opened their own charitable institutions such as orphanages and old people's homes.The Methodists opened hospitals in the United States to serve people of all faiths.There were 13 hospitals in major cities by 1895.[67]
The German Hospital in Philadelphia was run by seven sisters from Germany in 1884.
By 1963, there were centers for deaconess work in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Omaha.[68]
In the U.S., the role of public health nurse began in Los Angeles in 1898 and by 1924 there were 12,000 of them in the 100 largest cities.Their average annual salary was higher in larger cities.Thousands of nurses were employed by private agencies.Maternal and infant care, communicable diseases, and aerial diseases were dealt with by public health nurses.69
Medical conditions in the tropical war zone were dangerous during the Spanish–American War of 1898.The US government wants women to volunteer as nurses.Thousands did so, but few were trained.Most of the Catholic nurses were from the Daughters of Charity of St.Vincent de Paul.70
Medical pioneers established formal nursing schools on several continents.Even as late as the 1870s, women working in North American urban hospitals were untrained, working class, and accorded lowly status by both the medical profession they supported and society at large.Before World War I, nursing had the same status in Great Britain and continental Europe.71
Hospitals in the United States and Canada applied Nightingale's model to their training programmers.
The standards of classroom and on-the-job training had risen sharply in the 1880s and 1890s, and along with them the expectation of decorous and professional conduct.
Most of the 550,000 hospital workers were women in the late 1920s.72
Professionalization has moved nursing degrees out of hospital schools and into community colleges and universities.The knowledge base of the profession has been expanded by numerous journals.
By the start of World War I, there were only a small number of military nurses for women in Britain.These services were sponsored by the royal family.The VAD nurses were Enrolled by the Red Cross.The Matron-in-Chief, Principal, Sister and Staff Nurses were created for the new nursing services.Throughout the War, women joined steadily.There were 2,223 regular and reserve members of the QAIMNS at the end of 1914.[45]
The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry was formed in 1907 as an auxiliary to the home guard in Britain.At one point, he was captured by the Germans.The British army did not want to work with them so they ran hospitals and casualty clearing stations for the Belgian and French armies.There are 74 and 75 words.
When Canadian nurses volunteered to serve during World War I, they were made commissioned officers by the Canadian Army before being sent overseas, so that enlisted patients and orderlies would have to comply with their direction.Canada was the first country to grant women this privilege.Nurses were not sent to casualty clearing stations near the front lines at the beginning of the War because they would be exposed to shell fire.They were assigned to hospitals away from the front lines.As the war continued, nurses were assigned to casualty clearing stations.They were exposed to shelling and caring for soldiers with "shell shock" and casualties suffering the effects of new weapons such as poisonous gas.The story of a Canadian nursing sister.World War I was the first war in which a clearly marked hospital ship was targeted and sunk by an enemy submarine or torpedo boat, an act that had previously been considered unthinkable, but which happened repeatedly.Some of the casualties were nurses.
Nurse applications overwhelmed the army as Canadian women volunteered to serve overseas.A total of 3,141 Canadian "nursing sisters" served in the Canadian Army Medical Corps and 2,504 of them served overseas in England, France and the Eastern Mediterranean.In addition to the 46 Canadian Nursing Sisters who died by the end of the First World War, others volunteered and paid their own way over with organizations such as the Canadian Red Cross, the Victorian Order of Nurses, and St. John Ambulance.The women's speach movement in many of the countries that fought in the war was boosted by the sacrifice made by these nurses.The Military Voters Act of 1917 gave nursing sisters in the Canadian Army the right to vote in a federal election.
Australian nurses were part of the Australian General Hospital during the war.The hospitals were established to support the Dardanelles campaign.Some reserve nurses were sent with the advance parties to set up the transport ship HMAS Gascoyne while others simply fronted to the barracks and were accepted, but still others were expected to pay for their passage in steerage.Australian nurses from this period were known as grey ghosts because of their drab uniforms.
Australian nurses were not required to work under medical officers during the war.During the battle of Passchendale, Australian Nurses held the record for the maximum number of cases processed by a casualty station.Their work included administering ether during surgery.[80]
In India during the war, Australian army nurses had to overcome a climate of disease, insufficient numbers, overwork and hostile British Army officers.[80]
In the U.S., nurses often got married a few years after graduation, others waited 5 to 10 years for marriage, and careerists never married.There were more married nurses working by the 1920s.The average age of a nursing supervisor in a hospital was only 26 years, meaning that advancement could be rapid.In the 1920s, private duty nurses were paid over $1300 a year to work in patients' homes or in hospitals.This was more than double what a woman could make as a teacher.Continuous work was hard to find when rates fell after the Great Depression.81
Thousands of women served as nurses in the Canadian military during the Second World War.They were trained in civilian life and called "Nursing Sisters".They achieved an elite status in military service, which was above what they had experienced as civilians.The Nursing Sisters had more authority and the opportunity to use their expertise.The military doctors delegated significant responsibility to the nurses because of the high level of casualties, the shortages of physicians, and extreme working conditions.[83]
Sixty five front line nurses from the General Hospital Division in British Singapore were ordered to evacuate rather than care for wounded in 1942.Japanese planes fired machine gun fire at the ships.Vera and Margaret Anderson were awarded medals for covering their patients with their own bodies when they couldn't find anything else on the crowded deck.The film Paradise Road honoured a version of this action.Twenty-one people were lost at sea, presumed drowned, after the Vyner brook was bombed and sank in the Sumatra Strait.The nurses swam to Mentok.The twenty-one nurses and some British and Australian troops were killed in the Banka Island massacre when they were marched into the sea.The only survivor was Sister Bullwinkel.She became Australia's premier nursing war hero when she nursed wounded British soldiers in the jungle despite her own flesh wound.hunger and hiding in a mangrove swamp forced her to surrender after she survived on the charity provided by Indonesian locals.She was imprisoned for the rest of the war.
At the same time, another group of twelve nurses stationed at the Rabaul mission were captured by invading Japanese troops and buried at their camp for two years.British, Australian and American wounded were cared for by them.At the end of the war, they were imprisoned in a concentration camp in Kyoto and forced into hard labour.
The nursing profession was changed by World War Two.More nurses volunteered for service in the Army and Navy than any other occupation in American society.There are 84 and 85 words.