Where did the tribe live? The Caddo Indians, Texas Indians are listed.
The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Native American tribes.Much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma were once inhabited by their ancestors.The Caddoan Mississippian culture built huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory.Caddo people were removed from Texas to Indian Territory in the early 19th century.
The capital of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma is Binger, Oklahoma.Descendants of the historic Caddo tribes, with documentation of at least 116 ancestry, are eligible to enroll as members.The Caddo languages have become one language.
The Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma had a different name.There is an election for an eight person council with a chairperson.
There are 6,000 people in the nation and 3,044 in Oklahoma.In order to enroll as citizens, individuals must have at least 1/16 Caddo ancestry.
The Chairman of the Caddo Nation was re-elected in July.Mary Pat Francis was the first elected female Chairman.She is the leader of the Caddo Nation.The council is made up of:
The tribe has a lot of programs.There is a summer culture camp for children.The tradition of teaching and performing Caddo songs and dances is passed on to the next generations.Increasing use of the Caddo language is a priority for the Ki Hasinawaty Foundation.[6]
The Caddo are thought to be an extension of the Fourche Maline and Mossy grove cultures, which lived in the area of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas between 200 BCE and 800CE.Both the Wichita and Pawnee are related to the Caddo.
The society coalesced into the Caddoan Mississippian culture by 800CE.Some villages became ritual centers.The leaders ordered the construction of platform mounds, which served as temple mounds and platforms for residences of the elite.The flat-topped mounds were arranged around leveled, large, open plazas, which were often used for ceremonial occasions.Some people gained prominence over others as religious and social ideas developed.[7]
Caddoan was defined by archaeologists as a society by 1000CE.By 1200, the many villages, hamlets, and farmsteads established throughout the Caddo world had developed extensive maize agriculture, producing a surplus that allowed for greater density of settlement.Craftsmen and artisans developed specialties in these villages.The artistic skills and earthwork mound-building of the Caddoan Mississippians flourished during the 12th and 13th centuries.[8]
Some of the most elaborate mounds in the United States were located near the Arkansas River.The westernmost area of the Mississippian culture is where they were made.The Caddo enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time.The Piney Woods, the geographic area where they lived, was affected by the Great Drought from 1276–1299CE, which covered an area extending to present-day California and disrupted many Native American cultures.10
The cultural continuity from prehistory to the present among these peoples has been confirmed by archeological evidence.The first Europeans, as well as the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, were encountered by the direct ancestors of the historic CadDo people.[2]
According to their oral history, the Caddo tribe emerged from a cave at the confluence of the Red and Mississippi River.Moon told the people not to look back.An old man in Caddo carried a drum, pipe, and fire, all of which were important religious items.His wife was carrying corn and pumpkin seeds.The wolf looked back as people and animals emerged.The exit from the underground is closed.[13]
The Caddo peoples moved west along the Red River.The tribe was instructed in hunting, fishing, building dwellings, and making clothing by a Caddo woman.Caddo religion focuses on Kadhi hyuh, which means "Lord Above."The people were led by priests, including the xinesi, who could communicate with spirits near Caddo temples.There is a cycle of ceremonies around the time of the corn harvest.Tobacco was cultivated and used ceremonially.The priests drank a drink made of wild olive leaves.There are no comments at this time.
Some of the Caddo territory was invaded centuries before European contact.After years of warfare with the Iroquois nations in the Ohio River area of Kentucky, they moved west.The hunting grounds were taken over by the powerful Iroquois.[15]
The Caddo were pushed out of some former territory by the Osage and became dominant in the region of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.Prior to mid-18th-century European contact, these tribes were settled in their new territory west of the Mississippi.[15]
In the United States, most of the Caddo lived in the Piney Woods ecoregion, which was divided into state regions of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma.The region goes up to the foothills of the Ozarks.There are rolling hills, steep river valleys, and intermittent wetlands in the Piney Woods.The Caddo people settled near the river.
The Caddo tribes organized themselves in three confederacies when they first encountered Europeans and Africans.They were affiliated with other tribes.The Natchitoches, the Haisinai, and the Kadohadacho lived in different parts of the country.[16]
The Caddo people had a diet that included maize, pumpkins, and squash.Wild turkeys held cultural significance.They hunted and gathered plants.
The Caddo Native Americans had a culture that involved hunting and gathering.Young and healthy women were responsible for gathering fruits, seeds, and vegetables for the tribe while the men hunted.Elderly women cultivate the seeds for the season's crop.During the warm seasons, gathered items included corn, sunflowers, beans, melons, tobacco, and squash.When crops did not grow, acorn and roots were gathered and processed to provide food.[17][18]
During the winter months, the men used handcrafted bows and arrows to hunt animals.Most of the tools and items were made by women.They used clay to make wooden mortars, as well as pots and other utensils.The tools were carved and molded to help with daily jobs like cooking.Men and women were buried with the tools that they had made, because they were viewed with such reverence.[19]
The Caddo decorated their bodies.Men preferred body modifications such as the painting of skin, jewelry, ear piercing, and hair decorations, like braids, adorned with bird feathers or animal fur.While the women of the tribe wore jewelry and styled their hair the same as men, most used the art of tattooing to decorate their bodies.Most of the body was covered in tattoos.[17]
Europeans and Africans were first encountered by the Caddo in 1541.The Tula people were near the present-day Caddo Gap, Arkansas, when De Soto's force clashed with them.The modern town has a monument to the historic event.
The Natchitoche was encountered by French explorers in the 18th century.They were followed by fur traders from France.Catholic missionaries from France and Spain traveled with the people.Europeans were carriers of infections such as smallpox and measles.As the Caddo peoples had no immunity to new diseases, they suffered epidemics that decimated the tribal populations.Many deaths among the Caddo were caused by new diseases.[15]
French traders built forts near Caddo villages.The Great Plains trading network was already important before the 18th and 19th century.More French and other European settlers were attracted to these stations.The present-day communities of Elysian Fields and Nacogdoches are in Texas.The original Caddo names of the villages were retained by early explorers and settlers in the latter two towns.
After giving way to the former Ohio Valley tribes, the later Caddo negotiated for peace with the waves of Spanish, French, and finally Anglo-American settlers.The United States sought to ally with the Caddo peoples after taking over the former French colonial territory west of the Mississippi River.During the War of 1812, American generals such as William Henry Harrison, William Clark, and Andrew Jackson crushed pro-British uprisings among other Southeast Indians.Tensions within their tribe resulted in a civil war.
The US forces left the Caddo alone because they were a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government.The federal government embarked on a program to remove tribes from the Southeast in order to allow European-American settlement after Congress passed the Indian removal act in 1830.Migrants were pressed from the east.[21]
The Kadohadacho, the northernmost Caddo confederacy, signed a treaty with the US in 1835 to move to Mexico.The area for their reservation in East Texas had been settled by Mexicans, but there was increasing immigration of European Americans here.The Republic of Texas was established in 1836 after the Anglo-Americans declared independence from Mexico.The word tysha means "friend" in the Hasinai language.[22]
Texas was admitted to the US as a state on December 29, 1845.The federal government forced the relocation of the Hasinai and the Kadohadacho, as well as remnants of allied Delaware, onto the Brazos Reservation.The Brazos Reservation Indians had to remove north to Indian Territory.The Caddo encampment was attacked by Texans on December 26, 1858.The group was led by Captain Peter Garland.The Caddo was led by Choctaw Tom.He was killed in the fight with twenty-seven other Caddo.The Caddo were relocated to Indian Territory north of Texas in the 19th century.Between the Washita and Canadian rivers in Indian Territory, the Caddo concentrated after the Civil War.It was [13].
The Caddo took up the Ghost Dance religion in the late 19th century.The leader of the Ghost Dance was John Wilson, who spoke only Caddo.They believed that it would help them return to their traditional ways and resist European-American intrustions into their land and culture.Wilson became a peyote roadman in the late 19th century.Wilson introduced the Big Moon ceremony to the tribe.The Caddo tribe is active in the Native American Church.
The Dawes Act was passed by Congress to promote the integration of tribes in Indian Territory and to extinguish Indian land claims in order for the territory to be admitted as a state.It authorized the break up and distribution of tribal communal landholdings into 160-acre allotments for individual households in order for them to establish subsistence family farms along the European-American model.Non-Native Americans were to be included in the sale of any remaining tribal lands.The end of tribal governments and the acceptance of Native Americans as US citizens were to occur at the same time.Europeans have already settled outside the tribal territories.
The Caddo was against it.Whitebread, a Caddo leader, said that because of their peaceful lives and friendship to the white man, they were not consulted and have been ignored and stuck away in a corner.At this time, tribal governments were dismantled and Native Americans were expected to be state and US citizens.The adverse effects of these changes were recognized.The Caddo and other Native American peoples lost a lot of their lands after they were allotted.
The Caddo regained their tribal government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.They adopted a written constitution and a process of electing officials.The Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma was formed in 1938.On 17 January 1938, they voted on their constitution.They drafted a new constitution in 1976.
Caddo leaders such as Melford Williams, Harry Guy, and Vernon Hunter helped shape the tribe during the 20th century.Mary Pat Francis was the first of four women to be elected as tribal chair.The time of high divisions led to the election of her daughter.She was re-elected in 2016
Six amendments to the constitution were adopted in a special election.Individuals with a minimum of 1/16 degree Caddo blood quantum can enroll in a tribe.[28]
There are disagreements among the tribe that have not been resolved in elections.A group led by Philip Smith tried to recall the chairman of the Tribal Council.A new election was conducted, but the victor stepped down.Smith and his supporters broke into the Caddo Nation headquarters.The front doors were chained and the entrance was blocked.The Bureau of Indian Affairs Police was called by the opposition.[28]
The tribe was split into two groups.In October of last year, the Court of Indian Offenses ordered a new election for all positions because of the internal conflict.It was 29 and 30.
All of the top tribal positions were won by women.[31]
The Chairman of the Caddo Nation was re-elected in July.The Council consists of Chairman Francis, Vice Chairman Carol D. Ross, acting Secretary Philip Martin, Marilyn McDonald, Oklahoma City Representative, and Binger Representative.